Highlights of the Dorian Invasion Into Greece

In about 1100 B.C., a group of men from the North, who spoke Greek invaded the Peloponnese. It is believed that an enemy, Eurystheus of Mycenae, is the leader who invaded The Dorians. The Dorians were considered the people of ancient Greece and received their mythological name from the son of Hellen, Dorus.  Their name also derives from Doris, a small place in the middle of Greece. The origin of the Dorians is not completely certain, though the general belief is that they are from Epirus or Macedonia. According to the ancient Greeks, it is possible there could have been such an invasion. If there was one, it might explain the loss of the Mycenaean civilization. Currently, there is a lack of evidence, despite 200 years worth of research. The Dark Age The end of Mycenaean civilization led to a Dark Age (1200 – 800 B.C.) which we know very little about, apart from archaeology. Specifically, when The Dorians conquered the Minoans and Mycenaean civilizations, The Dark Age emerged. It was the period in which the harder and cheaper metal iron replaced bronze as a material for weapons and farm implements. The Dark Age ended when the Archaic Age began in the 8th century. The Culture of the Dorians The Dorians also brought The Iron Age (1200–1000 B.C.)  with them when the main material to make tools was made out of iron. One of the main materials they created was the iron sword with the intention to slash. It is believed that the Dorians owned land and evolved into aristocrats. This was at the time where monarchy and kings as a form of government were becoming outdated, and land ownership and democracy became a key form of rule. Power and rich architecture were amongst several of the influences from the Dorians. In regions of war, like Sparta, the Dorians made themselves military class and made the original population slaves of agriculture.  In city-states, the Dorians coupled with Greek people for political power and business and also helped influence Greek art, such as through their invention of choral lyrics in the theater. The Descent of the Heracleidae The Dorian Invasion is connected with the return of the sons of Hercules (Heracles), who are known as the Heracleidae.  According to the Heracleidae, the Dorian land was under the ownership of Heracles. This allowed the Herakleids and Dorians to become socially intertwined. While some refer to the events prior to classical Greece as the Dorian Invasion, others have understood it as the Descent of the Heraclidae. There were several tribes amongst The Dorians which included Hylleis,  Pamphyloi, and Dymanes. The legend is that when the Dorians were pushed out of their homeland, the sons of Hercules  eventually inspired the Dorians to battle their enemies in order to take back control of the Peloponnese. The people of Athens were not forced to migrate during this unsettled period, which put them in a unique position among the Greeks.

Descartes Theory Of Reasoning - 1184 Words

After first explaining Antoine Arnauld’s objection to Descartes’ circular reasoning, I will be presenting a response given by Descartes. Then I will attempt to consider, on behalf of Arnauld, if the response is of adequacy, then I shall decide which view offers the best account. I suspect, however, that no matter what kind of response Descartes is to give, nothing will be able to save him from the torment of the so called ‘Cartesian circle’. In objection to Descartes’ reasoning behind his attempt to establish that what is true, is clear and distinct perception, Antoine Arnauld argues his reasoning is circular (Arnauld AT VII 124–125). Before explaining why circularity is evident, I will first consider what Descartes’ ‘truth rule’ really consists of. After establishing ‘cogito ergo sum’, Descartes uses the same logical terminology in which the cogito was established, to attempt to find other truths in the external world (Descartes AT VII 35). However, as there is no causality between cogito and external truths, some further proof is required for Descartes. This is at the point Descartes introduces the argument for Gods existence and hence, we get the truth rule established. He argues that, God exists and is not a deceiver, in which case any clear and distinct ideas must be true (Descartes AT VII 52). This is where the problem of circularity arises, as Descartes assumes the id ea of God to be true because it is innate, clear and distinct, and then sets out to assume otherShow MoreRelatedDescartes Meditation Iii1297 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophy Descartes tries to prove the existence of God in the third meditation. He does this by coming up with several premises that eventually add up to a solid argument. First, I will explain why Descartes ask the question, does god exist? And why does Descartes think he needs such and argument at this point in the text. Secondly, I will explain, in detail, the arguments that Descartes makes and how he comes to the conclusion that God does exist. Next, I will debate some of Descartes premisesRead MoreEssay on Mediations of First Philosophy by Descartes1296 Words   |  6 PagesMediations of First Philosophy by Descartes In the â€Å"Mediations of First Philosophy† Descartes tries to prove the existence of God in the third meditation. He does this by coming up with several premises that eventually add up to a solid argument. First, I will explain why Descartes ask the question, does god exist? And why does Descartes think he needs such and argument at this point in the text. Secondly, I will explain, in detail, the arguments that Descartes makes and how he comes to the conclusionRead MoreThe Scientific Theory Of Science1489 Words   |  6 Pagesrationality and reasoning. Scientific methods that are used to establish rationality is due to the simple, general and rigorous explanations of the phenomena, (Diamond, 1998). This essay will explore the reasons to the extent of the role of science in reason, displaying perspectives from respected philosophers, politicians and scientists throughout time. Politician rather than scientist, Francis Bacon (1561-1627) was the man who made a revolutionary mark in the scientific world and reasoning, regardlessRead MoreCompare and contrast the significance for psychology of Descartes and Kant1568 Words   |  7 Pagessignificance for psychology of Descartes and Kant Descartes and Kant, both of them are famous philosophers and they are well known for their contributions to philosophy. At the same time, they have great influence on the development of psychology. I am going to compare their significance of psychology. By observing some mechanical things, Descartes had an idea that human and animal work like automata. (Klein, 1970) This idea became a basic concept of Descartes’ theories of the brain and visual perceptionRead More Renà © Descartes Argument on the Existence of God Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesRenà © Descartes Argument on the Existence of God The problem with Renà © Descartes argument about the existence of God has to do with his rationalist deductive reasoning. Descartes deduces that truth about the existence of God lies within his idea of a perfect God and Gods essence (as a perfect being who must exist in order to be perfect). 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Why do believersRead MoreEssay about Rationalism and Empiricism1486 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers of epistemology are Rene Descartes and David Hume, the former being a rationalist, and the latter an empiricist. In this paper I will attempt to give an understanding of both rationalism and empiricism, show the ideas and contributions each of the men made to their respective schools, and hopefully give my personal reasoning why one is more true than the other. Rationalism was developed by several important philosophers all around the 17th century. Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibnitz are allRead MoreDescartes Reason Of Knowledge1675 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Reasons of Knowledge It was once said by Renà © Descartes that, â€Å"if you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things.† In other words, when one wants to pursue the knowledge of this world, one must be able to question possibilities before coming to a conclusion. Throughout the Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes discusses his thoughts in a coherent manner. He strongly states that ‘true knowledge’ is gained

Marketing Report Of Coca-Cola Amatil - Click Here to Get Solution

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Report of Coca-Cola Amatil. Answer: Introduction Marketing report provides the effective and necessary information about the entire market of a particular product of an organisation. A potential market report reveals the actual market situation of services or specific products regarding the demand, trend of market structure, price, volume of transaction and the quantity and quality of product (Wedel Kamakura, 2012). In this, present report, the external and internal environment analysis of Coca-Cola Amatil would be thoroughly discussed for further development of the process of production and the basic quality of the ingredients. At the end of this report, there is SWOT analysis that can offer a perfect view about the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threat of Coca-Cola Amatil. Coca-Cola Amatil (CCA) sells non-alcoholic beverages in the region of Asia Pacific and six countries including New Zealand, Australia, Samoa, Papua New Guinea and Fiji. The headquarter of Coca-Cola Amatil is situated in North Sydney of Australia. External analysis Market analysis The current situation of Coca-Cola Amatil in Australia suggests that this beverage company has contributed a weak price since few months, which is a compelling reason to damage the brand image of Coca-Cola Amatil. The management of Coca-Cola Amatil has decided to provide discounts on MT Franklin brand in order to regain the lost situation of this company in various cities of Australia. Coca-Cola Amatil enjoys the Oligopoly market structure as this company encounter very limited competition in the soft drink industry of Australia. Coca-Cola Amatil holds at least 67% market share in the industry in this current year. Within the end of this present year, the management has made effective strategies in order to capture minimum 70% market share after providing a tough competition to its competitor companies, such as PepsiCo and others. Coca-Cola Amatil operates in large scale in the entire market of beverage industry of Australia as this brand has already secured multi-million dollar from its position of constant growth. From the market survey and annual financial chart of Coca-Cola Amatil, it is a clear fact that the folks of Australia prefer this reputed brand only because of their quality and production process of variety of beverages rather than only carbonated drinks. The market of Coca-Cola Amatil is divided into two segments; the first segment includes the health conscious young people, aged in between 20-30 and prefers to drink energy and fruity flavoured drinks. However, the second segment consists of those customers who prefer carbonated soft drinks of Coca-Cola Amatil. No age and gender specification can be mentioned about this particular group and the market is completely divided into the soft drinks lover and non-soft drinks lover. Industry Analysis In order to understand the size, growth and attractiveness of non-alcoholic beverage industry of Australia, Porter's Five Forces can provide a detailed view of the business and the position of Coca-Cola Amatil in the beverage industry. Rivalry among existing company: Coca-Cola Amatil encounters a strong sense of competition among the existence of other enterprises in the beverage industry of Australia such as PepsiCo, Inc. Nestle Waters France and Dr. Pepper Snapple Group, Inc. Bargaining power of customers: Tthov et al. (2013) have suggested that as there is a huge availability of non-alcoholic beverages from various companies, therefore, the bargaining power of customers of Coca-Cola Amatil is high rather than other regions throughout the world. Bargaining power of suppliers: The bargaining powers of suppliers are moderate for Coca-Cola Amatil in Australia because of a large number of availability of suppliers for the raw ingredients of this company. Threat of substitute products: The energy drinks, gourmet coffee from various luxurious coffee shops are the substitute products of the carbonated drinks of Coca-Cola Amatil. The inhabitants of Australia prefer flavoured non-alcoholic drinks instead of the aerated beverages of Coca-Cola Amatil (CCA). Threat of new Entrants: In opinion of Hattersley (2013) the potential threat arrives from small companies, which produce less expensive but tasty non-alcoholic beverages to satisfy the customers of Australia. Those companies provide energy drinks and sports drinks are a threat for Coca-Cola Amatil. Competitor analysis In order to retain the standing position in Australian beverages industry, Coca-Cola Amatil has adopted few effective strategies. Kotler competitor classification is an adequate tool for analysing and assessing the level of competition in a particular industry. Following this tool is thorough manner; Coca-Cola Amatil has selected at first the major competitor of it in beverage industry of Australia and has made strategies accordingly. The higher management of this company has chosen the desired goal and choose particular strategies. According to Metzger (2013), the basic aim of this tool is to provide the customers more facilities with the product in less expensive prices for satisfying them. Customer satisfaction is an important factor for any kind of organisation, which determines the level of competition in the industry. Kotler Competitor classification helps Coca-Cola Amatil to know in a detailed manner about the intense level of competition in the non-alcoholic beverage industry of Australia. For instance, the brand image, price, quality of product play a vital role in the retention of customers, and this determines the existence of constant increasing competition in the beverage industry. The major competitors of Coca-Cola Amatil are PepsiCo Inc and Nestle, therefore, Coca-Cola Amatil thoroughly follows the strategies of these two companies in order to understand in a critical manner the reason for popularity in the commercial beverages industry (Carlon, Tran Tran-Nam, 2013). In this continuing year, the financial report has revealed a necessary fact about the position of Coca-Cola Amatil with its competitor companies in the Australian industry of beverages. Every non-alcoholic drink producing company including, tea, coffee, sports and energy drinks followed the traditional models of competitor a nalysis to understand the competitive environment of the industry. Customers analysis Wade (2014) has mentioned that customers analysis helps a company to create an efficient and proper marketing plan according to the demand of its clients. It is a critical portion for identifying the targeted customers of Coca-Cola Amatil in order to ascertain the necessary requirements of the consumers with every specification about the satisfying criteria of them ("Our Brands," 2016). Customer analysis can be determined with a proper segmentation of users, which are very much significant with the fundamental interests, spending habits, gender and age of every customer. Customer analysis is a valuable tool to know in a thorough manner about the proper segmentation of targeted customers of Coca-Cola Amatil in Australia. Customer analysis of this company also helps to manage the suitable relationships in between the organisation and customers and the ultimate key to the opportunities that can curve the success of the enterprise. According to Andini Simatupang (2014), customer analysi s also helps to make an effective marketing plan for the further success of an organisation. Coca-Cola Amatil has engaged various potential managers to make a thorough market research about the commercial beverages industry of Australia and offer a suitable strategy to increase its standing position. Even with the service, quality of the product through an online website can facilitate the loyalty of customers. As cost is a key factor for retaining customers for every organisation, therefore, Coca-Cola Amatil gradually restructure the price of their soft drinks in order to satisfy the customers. The availability of other companies in the commercial beverages industry of Australia are huge, therefore, there are a large scope for the customers to switch over other companies that can offer them tasty soft drinks in less expensive price rather than Coca-Cola Amatil. Macroenvironment PESTLE analysis of Coca-Cola Amatil is suitable enough for determining the external factors that may affect the procedures of production. Political: Instability of the government, corruption and poor economy of Australia has a significant influence on the manufacturing process of Coca-Cola Amatil (Andreyeva et al. 2012). Economical: The economic condition of international level, high ranges of inflation rates of the beverages industry of Australia also influence the business of Coca-Cola Amatil in an excellent manner. This company also tries to deal indirectly with the other bottle organisations of international level. Social: Coca-Cola Amatil is solely concerned with the production of non-alcoholic beverages, which is nutritious as the demand for carbonated drink of this company is rejected, which pull down the sale revenues of Coca-Cola Amatil. Technological: According to Foster (2012) with developed technologies, Coca-Cola Amatil creates a vast range of opportunities in order to produce an entirely new product and make improvements of the carbonated beverages. Legal: Coca-Cola Amatil strictly follows the guidelines, rules and regulations of the government of Australia in order to produce the beverage products with proper-patented procedures. Environmental: Coca-Cola Amatil supports the local, international and national issues that are closely related to the production of carbonated drinks. In order to save the environment, this company monitors and assess every aspect of the manufacture of products. All these above-mentioned external factors are relevant for Coca-Cola Amatil as it directly affects the business and production of this particular company (Kotler, 2012). The microenvironment of an organisation includes various important factors such as the availability of essential resources and the necessary impact of it upon the entire business process and every individual, who are closely associated with the organisation and its every operation for attaining the desired goal of the company. Hamilton (2014) has suggested that the suppliers, customers, customer markets and the marketing intermediaries are an important part of the microenvironment that firmly determines the ultimate success of an organisation. Coca-Cola Amatil always tries to improve skills in order to create perfect and healthy soft drinks for the consumers. This company provides its employees a great workplace to perform in a suitable manner. The significant concentration of the higher management of the company is to maintain the brand image of Coca-Cola Amatil as it strengthens both the position in the beverage industry in Australia and the customer loyalty. It helps to build the relationship more firmly with the consumers. Coca-Cola Amatil enjoys stable, ethical and appropriate suppliers for the raw materials of producing the soft drinks and 24% growth in the industry with profitable sales revenue. However, some microenvironmental factors affect the standardized profit procedures of Coca-Cola Amatil in Australia (Baah Bohaker, 2015). Obesity has become an epidemic in most of the cities of Australia, which is the primary reason that customers are switching to the cheaper alternatives such as sports drinks and energy drinks instead of carbonated drinks from Coca-Cola Amatil. Internal environment Operations In order to attract the health conscious customers of Australia, the higher management of Coca-Cola Amatil has decided to produce some soft drinks without carbon dioxide and without sugar for producing low-calorie drinks. Diet Coke is an innovative creation of this company, which is very much popular among young people and the diet-oriented customers. In future, the management has plan to come up with something more innovative energy drinks in order to give a tough competition to its competitor companies in the commercial beverages industry of Australia. This strategy would help Coca-Cola Amatil to open up the basic range of market in the industry. The leaders of this company are creative enough to plan something completely new for catering the best to the customers. 4Ps are the best way to understand the internal operations of an organisation (Ccamatil.com, 2016). Product Coca-Cola Amatil produces carbonated soft drinks, Coca-Cola Zero, Coca-Cola Life and diet coke. With the potential help of the employees, this company tries to step forward to produce flavoured drinks n future. The present energy product of this company is mother and other non-alcoholic products are Zico and Fruity drink. Price AU$3.35-AU$5 Place In every cities of Australia, the non-alcoholic beverages of Coca-Cola Amatil are available. Coca-Cola Amatil targets the shopping malls, restaurants, food outlets and street side shops. Promotion Coca-Cola Amatil promotes the products mainly through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Snap chat. However, in television and magazines, there are also advertisements for the products of this company, which helps the customers in Australia to know about the newly launched products, outlets and any received awards (Kleemann Murphy-Bokern,2014). Table 1: 4Ps of Coca-Cola Amatil (Source: Freeman et al. 2014) Financials Financial figures from the annual report of Coca Cola Amatil: FY 2015 (in millions $) FY 2014 (in millions $) Revenue 5093.6 4942.8 Gross profit 1901.8 1875.4 Net profit 403.4 272.8 Total cost (4783.5) (4761.2) Total current assets 3128.0 2580.1 Total current liabilities 2001.3 1680.8 Inventories 733.9 686.1 Total assets 6667.4 6057.3 Total fixed cost Financial ratios of Coca Cola Amatil for 2014 and 2015: Financial Ratios 2015 2014 Gross profit ratio 37.33705042 37.94205713 Net profit ratio 7.919742422 5.51913895 Current assets ratio 1.56298406 1.535042837 Quick ratio 1.196272423 1.12684436 Debt ratio 0.300161982 0.277483367 ROI 8.433155639 5.729647988 In the above table, the financial performance of Coca Cola Amatil can be seen for the years 2014 and 2015. If the comparison is made between the financial performance of the company for 2014 and 2015, then it can be said that as per the net profit ratio, the profitability of the company has been improved in 2015 than that if 2014. However, the gross profit ratio of the company has been decreased a bit in 2015. On the other side, the liquidity position of the company was much stable in these two financial years and in 2015, it has improved. The debt ratio of the company has also enhanced, which indicates that the cost of the company has not increased much as compared to the revenue. At the same time, the return on investment of Coca Cola Amatil has increased in 2015 than that is 2014. All of these financial figures indicating that the company has improved its financial performance in 2015, which is good for the future financial years. Calculating the Break-Even point as per the assumptions: Total cost in 2015 $4783.5 millions Assuming 60% of the total cost of the company is fixed cost and rest 40% is variable cost Therefore, total fixed cost = $2870.1 million and total variable cost = $1913.4 million Total revenue for the year = $5093.6 million Assuming total number of units produced = 1000 million Therefore, contribution per unit= ($5093.6 - $1913.4) / 1000 million = $3.180 Therefore, Break Even Point = $2870.1 / $3.180 = 902.54 Product The current products of Coca-Cola Amatil include the carbonated soft drinks, energy drinks and fruity flavoured drinks and specification of the product attributes help the customers to know about every product in a detailed manner before buying any drinks. Every soft drink from Coca-Cola Amatil appears with completely different colour, flavour and taste from the other. Even the quality of the products and service of it are determined by the product attributes (Powell Gard, 2015). The present pricing of every product from Coca-Cola Amatil is not s much expensive. The higher management of this company usually decides the current price of every newly launched product only after a thorough market analyses and research about the product price of the competitor companies. Marketing plan is also created to fix a perfect pricing strategy for every product of Coca-Cola Amatil. This company is tremendously consistent with the pricing policy in order to satisfy the customers to the utmost leve l. SWOT Strengths Weaknesses The brand Coca Cola Amatil enjoys the brand value of AU$ 65,654 billion. This company is known for largest beverage organisation in Australia. Coca-Cola Amatil has a stable platform for advertising, marketing and promoting products (Brownell et al. 2012). The major weakness of this company is to produce carbonated drinks in large number rather than energy drinks. Coca-Cola Amatil lacks the process of diversification. Negative publicity about the carbonated drinks of this company hampers the business. Opportunities Threats The constant growth of drinking beverages is a large opportunity for Coca-Cola Amatil. Young customers prefer fruity drinks and energy drinks of Coca-Cola Amatil. There is a gradual increment of demand of bottled water in Australia, which becomes a potential opportunity for Coca-Cola Amatil. The primary cost of producing the beverages are reducing and it is an important opportunity for the concerned company. In the opinion of Terpstra Verbeeten (2014), the present generation prefers energy and sports drink rather than the carbonated soft drinks, which can generate a significant level of calorie. Coca-Cola Amatil has encountered with a heavy competition in the industry of carbonated drinks. Local brands in Australia provide the customers' more or less same taste of the beverages generated by Coca-Cola Amatil in less high price. The concerned company faces an intense competition from PepsiCo in recent times in various countries of Australia. The increased battle against the epidemic obesity in Australia is also a significant threat for Coca-Cola Amatil. Table 2: SWOT analysis (Source: Hamilton, 2014) The SWOT analysis is an appropriate platform for making a suitable marketing plan for a product. With the effective SWOT analysis, Coca-Cola Amatil can gather relevant information that can help to reach the desired target of the concerned company. References Andini, R. A., Simatupang, T. M. (2014). A process simulation of inventory planning and control for Minute Maid Pulpy at Coca-Cola. International Journal of Logistics Systems and Management, 17(1), 66-82. Andreyeva, T., Luedicke, J., Henderson, K. E., Tripp, A. S. (2012). Grocery store beverage choices by participants in federal food assistance and nutrition programs. American journal of preventive medicine, 43(4), 411-418. Baah, S., Bohaker, L. (2015). The Coca-Cola Company. Culture, 16, 17. Brownell, K. D., Farley, T., Willett, W. C., Popkin, B. M., Chaloupka, F. J., Thompson, J. W., Ludwig, D. S. (2012). The public health and economic benefits of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages. New England journal of medicine, 361(16), 1599-1605. Carlon, S., Tran, A., Tran-Nam, B. (2013, September). How close are taxable income and accounting profit? An empirical study of large Australian companies. In Australian Tax Forum (Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 641-677). Ccamatil.com (2016) Health and Safety, Retrieved on: 10 Aug 2016, From: https://www.ccamatil.com/en/our-people-and-careers/health-safety Foster, R. J. (2012). Coca Globalization. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Freeman, B., Kelly, B., Baur, L., Chapman, K., Chapman, S., Gill, T., King, L. (2014). Digital junk: Food and beverage marketing on Facebook.American journal of public health, 104(12), e56-e64. Hamilton, Margaret. "Drug Policy in Australia, Our Own?." Drug War American Style: The Internationalization of Failed Policy and Its Alternatives(2014): 97. Hattersley, L. (2013). Agri-food system transformations and diet-related chronic disease in Australia: a nutrition-oriented value chain approach.Agriculture and human values, 30(2), 299-309. Kleemann, L., Murphy-Bokern, D. (2014). Reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food sector: Effects of corporate responsibility (No. 1967). Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW). Kotler, P. (2012). Kotler on marketing. Simon and Schuster. Metzger, K. (2014). The Import of Culture? The Coca Cola Company in America and Australia. Our Brands. (2016). Ccamatil.com. Retrieved 11 August 2016, from https://www.ccamatil.com/en/our-businesses-and-brands/our-brands Powell, D., Gard, M. (2015). The governmentality of childhood obesity: Coca-Cola, public health and primary schools. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 36(6), 854-867. Terpstra, M., Verbeeten, F. H. (2014). Customer satisfaction: cost driver or value driver? Empirical evidence from the financial services industry.European Management Journal, 32(3), 499-508. Tthov, ., Hodosy, J., Mettenburg, K., Fbryov, H., Wagnerov, A., Bb kov, J., ... Celec, P. (2013). No harmful effect of different Coca-cola beverages after 6months of intake on rat testes. Food and chemical toxicology, 62, 343-348. Wade, G. (2014). Issues in Australian Foreign Policy January to June 2014.Australian Journal of Politics History, 60(4), 606-620. Wedel, M., Kamakura, W. A. (2012). Market segmentation: Conceptual and methodological foundations (Vol. 8). Springer Science Business Media.

Rondell Data Corporation Essay Example

Rondell Data Corporation Essay Organizational Theory and Design Case Study Analysis Rondell Data Corporation Case Analysis Abstract: The analysis of Rondell Data Corporation situation and discrepancies that were experienced throughout the company life cycle will help understanding the theory and design of organizations . By exploring the background of the problem, organizations functioning, the impact of organizational culture on the strategy and success of the company and problem identification, recommendations can be offered. Proposed solutions to the current discrepancies at Rondell Data Corporation will provide an increased understanding of the role of organizational structure related to the improvement and overall performance of a company. Rondell Data Corporation History: Bob Rondell who was the owner established the Rondell Data Corporation in 1920. The basis for its inception was the invention of several electrical testing devices. In 1947, the company entered into the radio broadcasting equipment market. By the early 1960’s, the company had increased its business to include data transmission equipment. The company had a reputation of being a source of high quality innovative designs and described itself as being able to â€Å"convert problems to solutions† in their sales brochures. By 1978, two major lines were recognized: broadcast equipment and data transmission. Broadcast equipment accounted for 35% of the company sales. Data transmission was also blossoming with increased demand for highly specialized and innovative designs. In 1920 the organization size was not known as it is a new in the market. However, by 1947, Rondell Corporation had reached 100 employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Rondell Data Corporation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rondell Data Corporation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rondell Data Corporation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By 1978, the time of the current dilemma, the employee count had reached to 800. The organizational structure of the Rondell Corporation is fairly flat with few layers for communication to flow. There was a lack of an integrated information structure within the company. An integrated information structure would have facilitated cross communication necessary to achieve the common goal. Key Personnel Bill Hunt, the current President. Bill Hunt has been with the firm since 1946. He was a student of Bob Rondell’s, and joined the company as an engineer. He became the assistant to the president in 1956 and president in 1960. Bill Hunt, along with Ralph Simon, Executive Vice President, holds enough stock to command effective control of the company. Dave Schwab, Production Manager, joined the company in 1955. Upon joining the company, he was instrumental in exposing widespread irregularities in the production and control departments. Following this, Dave was promoted to production manager, and brought in a new group of production specialists to the company. His exact education level is unknown, other than the fact that he does not have a degree. Ed â€Å"doc† Reeves is employed as Director of Research. He joined Rondell in 1960 and worked directly with Bill Hunt in developing major innovations in the data transmission equipment. He became director of research in 1967 and is widely respected in the Company. In fact, he is referred to as a creative genius. In the past, he had been offered the Director of Engineering position, but turned it down. Ron Porter, Vice President of Sales, has been with the company since 1957. Ron has a B. S. in engineering and has always worked in sales. He was made sales manager in 1967 and appointed Vice President of sales in 1974. Frank Forbus is the most recent hire. He joined the company in 1977 as Director of Engineering, replacing an employee who had been dismissed. Frank’s educational background includes a Master’s degree in engineering. His duties include administrative responsibility for research, as well as complete responsibility for engineering services. Prior to coming to Rondell, Frank Forbus worked as the division director of engineering in a large industrial firm. Current Situation Currently, the year is 1978 at the Rondell Data Corporation. There has been a gradual increase in disputes between research, engineering, sales, and production staff over the last 2-3 years. The disputes seem to center on the problem of new product introduction, and are focused on the engineering department. The engineering department is seen as being to blame for the etiology of the problems. The original Director of Engineering had held the position for 30 years. The current Director of Engineering, Frank Forbus, has only been in his position for 8 months. He has identified some communication issues between departments and upper management. In an attempt to rectify the communication problems, Forbus has instituted a new communication strategy with the production manager and the president concerning the latest product, the â€Å"802 Modulator. † During one of the meetings with the president and the production manager, the president interjects that a new â€Å"filtering design† will be added to the product with the expectation that engineering and production will solve any potential delays caused by this revision. Subsequently, the â€Å"802† design is shuttled back and forth between engineering and productionat least 4 times with the result of production staff assigned to another â€Å"rush† job. The company is faced with both internal dissatisfaction of employees and external dissatisfaction of their customers. Structure of the Engineering Function The outdated organizational structure of Rondell Data Corporation has contributed to much of the growing dissatisfaction . The organizational structure at Rondell follows a strictly functional approach. The functional areas are divided as Production, Sales, and Engineering. This model served it well in its beginnings as a small entity at that time. However, as Rondell has experienced major expansion, this structure is now seriously inhibiting Rondells future growth. Relying on personal relations, Rondell lacks the cohesive and clearly organized structure required of a larger company. As the company has grown, the different departments have grown at different rates and interactions have changed disproportionately. The engineering, research and development departments at Rondell are the major casualties of this irregular expansion. Although the overall organization theme at Rondell is along functional lines, engineering services seems to be the exception. Much of its workforce is distributed among the other departments. This distribution of personnel leaves engineering services without a clear mission or purpose and further blurs the lines of authority. The displacement of engineering personnel lacks integration and hinders the engineering services effective interaction and cooperation with other departments. The role of engineering services becomes amorphous and undefined. Ambiguity between Engineering Services Departement and and research role was still a matter of concern. Upper management describes the engineering services department (ESD) as being responsible for maintaining cooperation with other departments, providing services to the development engineers, and freeing more valuable people in research and development (Ramp;D) from essential activities that are diversions from and beneath their main competence. Obviously, Ramp;D is seen as the star of the organization, even though it appears to have the least interaction with the rest of ESD and the organization. The division of the ESD prohibits effective interaction with the other departments. Management had defined the role of engineering services as a cross-disciplinary, cross-functional group acting as the intermediary in allowing the rest of the organization to produce efficiently. However, the clear lack of authority of engineering services has rendered it essentially weakness. Interdepartmental friction arises from too much centralized control and an emphasis on staff positions over line positions. Organizational Culture Rondell corporation has a strong well established culture , but was now being replaced with subcultures. The subculture’s behaviors were incongruent with the overall organization’s previous values. This incongruency gives rise to many conflicts and decreasing productivity of the organization. The Length of employment process was highly valued and in some cases was the basis for selection of key individuals. Informal relationships were the means used to communicate and accomplish the goals of the organization. There was very little formal structure within the company and little respect for the hierarchical structure by most members. Each department was held responsible to take care of its members regardless of the impact on the overall organization. â€Å"For several years, the firm had experienced a steadily increasing number of disputes between research, engineering, sales, and production people† (Seeger, J. , â€Å"Rondell Data Corporation). Each department, using a high external locus of control, found reasons to blame the other departments for Rondell’s decline in profitability. When originally founded in 1920 as Rondell Equipment Co. the organization’s values based on a tradition of â€Å"a long-standing reputation as a source of high-quality, innovative designs† led to an elitist mentality. This Traditional-Elitist model made it hard for the organization to adapt to growth and rapid change. â€Å"The real test of the effectiveness of a corporate culture comes when the organization’s environment changes. Bill Hunt gave little leadership in growing the organization and was not visionary in diagnosing the changes that would besiege Rondell. With the new generation of employees, a more formalized structure was needed. The strong â€Å"family† culture had become dysfunctional, giving way to divergent subcultures. As the differences between the individuals became more and more apparent, the members began to identify more with their own profession or department and less with the organization as a whole. These subcultures began to function as countercultures and pitted one member against the other. Organizational Descrepancies and Changes for Success Rondell has a typical organization by Function. The functional design works for companies with few products because all functions are working toward the same goal; develop, build and ship the product. Additionally, this design is most efficient when departmental tasks are relatively independent of each other. Ideally this design is suited to encourage specialization, but problems develop when people develop tunnel vision and tend to perceive multifunctional problems from the vantage point of their narrow area of expertise. One of the most significant issues facing the Rondell Corporation in relationship to the structure of the company is the fact that the entire performance system enabled, and indeed seemed to encourage, individuals to see their own performance as separable from the enterprise as a whole (Ott, J. 1996). In an organization with many product lines, functionally structured organizations can loose track of the importance of individual products or new product development efforts and fail to provide the functional integration needed. Rondell’s external environment has changed and their product breath has grown to two major lines with an increasing number of order s calling out unique specifications. New product introductions at Rondell require timely, integrated efforts. In the model 802 project, new changes have been introduced by Doc Reeves . However, an integrated team would be better equipped to make such a call versus an individual Director. An integrated team would consist of representation from design, purchasing and manufacturing. Instead, the â€Å"wrong call† made by Doc Reeves has put a heavy workload on Engineering and Drafting employees. Another example of the problems caused by functional design and centralized decision making is Dave Schwab’s Thanksgiving review of the 802 prints. Dave Schwab reviews the prints and makes decisions that are not within his scope. And without involving the concerned parties. Frank Forbus and Engineering Services appear to be taking the brunt of the blame. The actual blame lies within the organizational structure and design of the Rondell Data Corporation and its segregated departments. The organizational culture of Rondell Corporation is one that values age, experience, and seniority. All key management personnel have been with the company over 15 years. There has been minimal turnover, except for the Engineering Department. There have been references made to past failures of personnel, secondary to being â€Å"too young. Maintaining â€Å"family spirit† is important to the company in the sense that a more â€Å"high tech† manner of communication was never implemented, even with the growth of the company over time. Management seems to highly value the â€Å"personal touch† and sees this as the most effective method for communication to facilitate business practices. Since culture is the focus for an organization’s strategies, Frank Forbes failed to see that before he would be able to have any affect on the strategies at Rondell, he would need to change the culture. Frank was not able to empower himself or obtain management’s empowerment to begin the process of changing the culture at Rondell. Formal structures were needed along with a breaking down of the silos that had been formed by the functional groups. For Rondell to improve their productivity and increase their chances of survival in the changing industry, a cross-sectional team model, combining the inputs from sales, research, engineering, and production, would have assisted in enabling Rondell achieving its goals. Because of the centralized and functional scheme, resources are being diverted with engineers being called away to production to deal with problems. Additionally, design needs to be aligned more with sales and with research. Recommendations: The organizational structure of Rondell should be changed to resolve the issues of poor communication and inefficient development processes and forget their past organizational structure. In addition, Rondell needs to find a better way of developing products, communicating information and making timely decisions. It appears that in the short term, a change to a Product Line focused Organization structure would help bring focus to new product development and push down decision making to the people most involved with the product line. A realignment of how people, tasks and tools are assigned to projects or product lines needs to be looked at and rectified. The current centralized management structure is making ineffective decisions and reducing the effectiveness and responsiveness of the company. The company needs to make a shift from vertical decision making to managing cross-departmental work processes. A relationship map for Rondell showing the systems view of the organization, including the customer, product and flow of work will highlight the deficiencies in the organization. In summary, we recommend the following major changes: 1. Retain the services of a qualified consulting team to help the management team. 2. An Organizational Design process should be initiated to determine the best organizational structure for the company. Our assumption is the new organizational structure will be product line focused. 3. A cross-functional approach should be taken to accomplish key company tasks such as new product development. . Decisions be pushed down into cross-functional teams who have the responsibility for delivering a timely, quality and manufacturable product. 5. Teambuilding should be a priority at Roundel with the stoppage of the constant finger. Organizational wide efforts should be made at breaking down functional barriers and creating an environment of team participation and d ecision making. 6. Engineering Services should add a project management function to aid the team in coordination, planning and monitoring project progress.

Discuss the roles of language and reason in history Essay Example

Discuss the roles of language and reason in history Essay Example Discuss the roles of language and reason in history Paper Discuss the roles of language and reason in history Paper History is often considered as a synonym for truth and certainty. But history is such an area of knowledge that poses a number of deterrents in our quest for knowledge as the knowers cannot discover the past forthwith. This so called remembering the past is no easy nut-it is a complex web rendered difficult to disentangle given that the historical event takes place in the past; it is gone and irrecoverable!. Thus to write a history a historian has to resort to his reason, and obviously the said historian will write the historical accounts in his native language only. Thus language and reason stand as pillars for creating the foundations of history. Reasoning is closely connected with emotion, sense perception and language. In fact language is at the very core of reasoning. Language is a vast unmapped territory fascinating our intelligence and casting spells on our reason. According to â€Å"Max Mueller, there can be no language without reason, and no reason without language†2. Through this essay I would like to elucidate the roles of language and reason in history. My essay will also inquire into if language and reason as ways of knowing can pervert a historical account from the path of truth? If a historian endeavours to explore the past, his step surely is to find out all the possible facts. Unless the historian makes an exact sense of the data, it is all absurd, as we know that the fact won’t speak for themselves. We must remember that the historian is an individual, not impregnable to bias, prejudice and discrimination. His history will be dependent on his particular interests, which are in turn, partially based on his culture. It is here where the crux of the problem lies. Like a geologists the historian too has to find the weak fossils print buried deep inside the earth. For example we get a number of baffling accounts behind the death of Alexander the Great. Different historians have written their accounts in different languages. Some opine that he died of malaria; others claim that he died of poisoning while many are of the view that he was assassinated at the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II in Babylon. Thus the historian has to be selective and he selects on the basis of his own paradigms. It is on these grounds that history is called an act of creation. And it is of critical importance to understand, in general terms, the basis on which any selection is made, and analyzed by the historian using his language and reason. Many historians wield their imaginative thinking or reason to write history but â€Å"is not memory fallible, evidence ambiguous and prejudice common3†? According to historian Barbara Tuchman, â€Å"Each man is a package of variables impossible to duplicate. His birth, his parents, his siblings, and the variables inherent in all of these, make up that mysterious compendium, personality-which then combines with another set of variables: country, climate, time and historical circumstance.† 4 Language is closely tied to ideas about human cognition and interaction with the world. Despite its importance, language is not the perfect medium of communication as it is governed by rules; it is intended, creative and open-ended. Moreover languages are not static entities; they change and develop over time. Problematic meanings can be found in every language. The words can be vague, ambiguous, secondary (the same word may have different detonation and connotation), metaphorical and ironical. Translation of a language into other is another stumbling block. There are around 3000 different languages in the world. Every language contains words that have no equivalent in other languages. So can language be considered as a cornerstone for the historians? As a child, I was mesmerized by wars. I read the most bewitching account of war in Homer’s Iliad where he talks about the legendary Trojan War. Was it a war or only a myth? Nothing can be said as Homer derived the epic poem from primeval sources. In the epic, Helen is limned as the most beautiful woman on earth while Achilles as the grandest warrior. Now what can we say as to the authenticity of Homer’s claims? Were the characters for real or it was his national bias to portray them as Hellenic legends? I read the Greek epic through translation only. Did the translator write the exact replication of Homer’s words, or he amalgamated the facts with his presumptions, giving them a hyperbolized touch? Is the epic not twice removed from reality then?

Basic Spanish Adjectives of Emotion

Basic Spanish Adjectives of Emotion Talking about emotions in Spanish isnt always simple. Sometimes discussion of emotions involves using the subjunctive verb mood, and sometimes emotions are expressed with idioms using the verb tener. That said, Spanish frequently uses adjectives to express emotions much as English does. Here are the most common adjectives of emotion, along with their usual meanings, with a sample sentence for each: aburrido (bored) - Me gusta escuchar mà ºsica cuando estoy aburrida. I like to listen to music when I am bored. enojado (angry) - Muchos estaban enojados con el gobierno. Many were angry with the government. feliz (happy) - No creo que uno pueda tener una vida feliz sin algunas reglas. I dont think one can have a happy life without some rules. nervioso (nervous) - El chico nervioso temblaba como una pequeà ±a hoja. The nervous boy was trembling like a little leaf. preocupado (worried) - Las madres estn preocupadas por la epidemia de dengue en la regià ³n. The mothers are worried about the dengue epidemic in the region. tranquilo (calm) - Estamos ms tranquilos por haber recibido una explicacià ³n satisfactoria. Were calmer for having received a satisfactory explanation. triste (sad) - Toda la pelà ­cula es triste. The whole movie is sad. Keep in mind, as in the examples above, that the adjectives of emotion must agree with the nouns (or pronouns) they refer to. Also note that some of these words can vary in meaning somewhat depending on whether they are used with ser or estar. Note also that it is common to express emotions in ways other than with adjectives. For example, enojarse is a verb meaning to get angry and preocupar is a verb meaning to worry, and both of those are frequently used when talking about those emotions. Also, the verbal phrase tener miedo is by far the most common way to express fear. Although there is an adjective, asustado, meaning afraid, it is more common to use the tener phrase when describing how a person feels.

Examine the view that media industries view audiences as commodities Essay

Examine the view that media industries view audiences as commodities. Discuss with reference to at least two theorists - Essay Example Notwithstanding the varied nature of broadcasting in each of these systems, the fundamental purposes remain more or less the same - advocating for social and business issues, including marketing, advertising, public relations, propaganda and political communication. When it comes to entertainment, mass media plays a key role in the production and distribution of music, acting and sports (Croteau and Hoynes, 2003; Pg 15). Another crucial function of mass media is to make public service announcements in region-specific manner. Our article is going to focus exclusively on the interrelation between media industries and audiences - whether media industries view audiences as mere commodities or not. To address the concern of the main question we need to look at the socio-cultural impact of media on its audiences. It can be said without an iota of doubt that media and culture in today's world play a leading role in sustaining and reproducing contemporary societies, regardless of geographic barriers. Any society needs to replicate itself to survive, and culture inculcates ethics and behavioral patterns that make people susceptible to abide by institutionalized ways of intellection and conduct. Now while any form of media should ideally strive to promote harmony and ethical standards among the mass, it's often been observed that the 'narratives of media culture' present blueprints of both acceptable and unacceptable behavior, candying important social and political issues and thereby, distorting them. The audience tends to relate themselves, often paradoxically, to what is being fed to them rather than what needs to fed more often (Durham and Kellner, 2006; pg 9). Gradually the so ciety runs the risk of getting detached with the root of indigenous culture and moral standards. This is especially applicable to media and entertainment where subaltern imageries are often promoted. The subaltern classes are largely disintegrated in any society, and they are prone to impressionism to a great extent. The economic development and production of a state also interferes with their ideologies. In addition to this, the subaltern classes generally give active or passive consent to the existent hegemony (Media Studies, 2008). Now the question we have raised here has direct connections to exertion of political authority over media. According to Antonio Gramsci, the Italian Marxist theorist, the Italian fascism wielded its stifling authority over the media and other social, cultural and political establishments (Durham and Kellner, 2006 Pg 3). When similar situations occur, media starts acting as the mouthpiece of the hegemony, and it begins exploiting the audience as commodi ties by producing and distributing provocative materials that lack depth. The role of television can be held as a relevant topic of discussion in this regard. Charlotte Brunsdon raises a valid question pertaining to the ideologies of television programs from a nonacademic perspective. She also makes a liberalist evaluation of television audiences in the United Kingdom since the 1970s. She argues that while already tried and tested art forms such as theater, music and literature have principled values tagged with them; television is something more 'real', or in other words, has potential to be a medium of airing productions that can be comprehended by the mass in general, and that have extensive

Chinas Educational System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chinas Educational System - Essay Example In an age where globalization is taking place, one cannot afford to be left behind. Investing to the youth as they are the future leaders is the starting point. Surely, China realizes the importance of education. It is a nation rich in cultures and traditions. It is also one of the richest countries in the world. Through education, they have found the right solutions to mix their heritage and the demand for staying competitive against their neighboring countries. However, the changes did not happen overnight. Throughout the course of its history, China experienced a lot of transitions in leadership and form of government. The results affected different aspects in their society including the educational system. At present, China's education caters to almost 25% of the world's students. Even if it has the largest educational system, China is still finding ways to enhance the quality of education by continuously revising the curriculum. The purpose of this paper is to trace the historical development of China's educational system. It will primarily focus on the significant changes that have shaped the course of the system over time. Many historians recorded that formal schooling in China started way back during the Xia Dynasty (16th century B.C.). However, the type of educational system, also called Imperial education, was observed until the late 17th century. The concentration of the learning system is only for the rich and elite members of the society. These people are trained and prepared to be China's government officials. The subjects are all centered based on the "Six Arts" connected to their culture: Riding Chariots, Music, Arts, Archery, Math, History and Rites. They are also taught to excel in ancient written and spoken Chinese language. During Spring, Autumn and Warring State times, teachings of Confucianism is integrated in their studies. Students learn concepts on governance and citizenry, and codes for personal conduct (China Education Center). Confucianism has a great effect on the lives of Chinese people at that time. Their standards of living are guided by the codes set forth in the instructions within in this religion. The ultimate goal is to become a gentleman, one who does what is good, noble and just. However not everyone can be a gentleman. It was restricted to the upper class. A gentleman has the power to impose Chinese cultures and make rules for the society (China Education Center). Thus, money has power. The imperial government also established civil service examination to determine those who are qualified to be imperial officials. These tests contain open ended questions that would test the student's knowledge on Confucian teachings (Surowski 2003). For more than a thousand years the civil service exam is the only way to get a government position for the elite class. Since education favored only those who can afford it, illiteracy rate in China went up to about 80%. The underprivileged are forced to work in different areas at a very young age. Society was governed by highly educated rich people and a growing number of uneducated mass (Net Industries 2008). The 18th century At the turn of the next century, China made important technological advances like gun powder, compass and paper. The Chinese people felt that they already had

Cantonese opera Essay Example for Free

Cantonese opera Essay Most foreign people know what Bejing opera is, but Chinese national Opera has a long history and 275 species of Chinese operas have been saved, there are a wide range of operas were not extended yet, Cantonese opera is very popular in the south of China, many Chinese people prefer Cantonese opera to Beijing Opera. The biggest difference between Beijing Opera and Cantonese Opera is language, the Beijing Opera use Mandarin, the Cantonese Opera use Cantonese. Cantonese opera is local opera in Han Dynasty is formerly known as drama or Guangdong opera from the Southern Opera. Cantonese opera began to appear in Guangdong, Guangxi from AD 1522 to 1566 (Ming Dynasty Jiajing) included singing, read, hit musicians ,soundtrack, stage costumes, The abstract body performing arts. Each Cantonese opera role has its own unique costumes dress. The initial performance language is Zhongyuan phonological, also called matshed Mandarin. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the intellectuals changed the opera language to Guangzhou language in order to facilitate their revolution, also aimed to make Cantonese understand easier. Cantonese opera ranked into national intangible cultural heritage on May 20, 2006. The UNESCO add Cantonese opera in the human intangible cultural heritage list on September 30, 2009. Cantonese opera originated in the Chinese folk songs which called Qi folk songs, the earliest folk songs can be traced back to the Book of Songs from pre-Qin Dynasty, but this is the common origin of all Chinese opera, such as Beijing opera, Cantonese opera, class opera, Shanghai opera, Shaoxing opera, and Huangmei opera. The stage art style is impressionistic. The scenery is simple, the play provides situational by virtual performance program, or write captions on board like riverside, alpine instead of stage background. Performances who in the city called GD-HK learned drama, opera and movies to improved their performance and made theme reflect contemporary life. Later, people Change falsetto into true voice in Cantonese opera. The men sing like relatively stable, low; women sing like very delicate and mellow. As some Cantonese opera are very favorite in new media, these famous Cantonese opera has recomposed in movies, TV series, dramas, and music. For example, Princess Chang Ping Purple Hairpin Peony Pavilion , Gemini worship the Moon, The Reincarnation of Hongmei mind Butterfly and Red Pear Hanada Baxi Xiangluo Otsuka Red Cherry broken heart A Dry White Begonia Red, A Dream of Red Mansions the Sanxiao marriage White Rabbit Guizhi complain Dou E Yuan (also known as June Feishuang or June Snow ), also included the first national intangible cultural heritage Butterfly Lovers.

Gun Control is NOT Losing your Target in the Recoil Essay example -- Se

Guns, like many other issues of the day, have two distinct and opposing views with many people in the middle or undecided. Even following the tragic events of December 7, 1993, when unemployed handyman Colin Ferguson boarded the LIR’s 5:33 out of Penn Station. Ferguson waited until the train, filled with local commuters on their way home, pulled out of the Hicksville station before drawing a 9mm pistol. Ferguson then opened fire walking up and down the aisle shooting passangers indiscriminately, stopping only to reload, twice. When he was finished six were dead and 19 were injured. Gun control advocates think that outlawing guns would have stopped the killings from ever happening. While gun rights advocates believe just as strongly that it could have been stopped by one innocent person being armed and fighting back. In order for an issue to even be at hand, both sides must agree that there is a problem with guns and gun control. Both gun control and pro gun advocates do agree that there is a problem. Pro gunners say it is too hard to own a gun and the gun controllers say it is too easy to get a gun. Gun control advocates would argue that gun ownership is not a right and is not protected by the second amendment. They further believe guns are harmful to society. Gun control advocates also believe guns are not needed for self-defense. Gun-controllers use points such as, the constitution, specifically the second amendment, hunting and gun related assaults to try to prove their point; however most of their arguments are based in emotions and only have merit in the specific case they are trying to illustrate. For when you strip away the emotional rhetoric and examine issues logically, so called gun control laws fail to accomplish any of their stated goals. A lawyer once said, "If the facts are with you, argue the facts. If the facts are against you, argue the law." Now gun control advocates have added, â€Å"If the facts and the law are against you, argue the emotions!† Let us start this discussion with the simplest and strongest argument for gun rights. This argument comes to us from the very foundation of our great nation, the Constitution. On December 15, 1791, the new United States of America adopted the Bill of Rights the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, affirming the fundamental rights of its citizens. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of ... ...ton D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989 The Avalon Project at Yale Law School: The Federalist Papers. 2003. 27 Mar. 2005 United States v. Cruikshank. 92 U.S. 542. U.S. Supreme Court. 1857 Online. Find Law. 30 Mar. 2005 United States v. Emerson. Criminal Action No. 6:98-CR-103-C United States District Court Texas, San Angelo Division. 1999 Find Law. 30 Mar. 2005 United States v. Emerson. No. 99-10331 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit. 2001 Online. Find Law. 30 Mar. 2005 United States. Department of Justice. Crime in the United States 2000 Federal Bureau of Investigation Uniform Crime Report. Washington D.C., 2000. United States. Department of Justice. Guns in America: National Survey on Private Ownership and Use of Firearms. Washington D.C.: May 1997. United States. Department of Justice. National Crime and Victims Survey. Washington D.C., 2003. Wright, James D., and Peter H. Rossi. Armed and Dangerous: A Survey of Felons and Their Firearms, Expanded Edition. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. 1994. Wright, James D., and Peter H. Rossi. The Armed Criminal in America: a Survey of Incarcerated Felons. Washington D.C., National Institute of Justice, 1997

Feedback to my classmate Essay

1.The four points about giving feedback that I plan to utilize while providing my classmate feedback on their skills check are as follows: Equality – My classmate is a valuable and worthwhile human being. Communication is generally more effective when feeling of equality exists. We are both equal in every way as we are both taking the Health Care Assistant program and both have home lives. Supportiveness – There has to be an atmosphere of trust and mutual support for effective communication between myself and my classmate Positiveness – To transmit positive feeling to other people. My classmate needs to feel liked and accepted by me and then they will be more apt to become involved in communication with me. Empathy – To try and feel as my classmate being assessed on their skills check would feel and to try and understand what they are experiencing. 2. Of the five components of caring communication the two that I utilized the most while providing constructive feedback to my classmate with regards to their skills check were supportiveness and equality. I utilized the two components as follows: Supportiveness – I felt I created an atmosphere of trust and mutual support with my classmate by reiterating that my classmate had requested me to provide constructive feedback on three components of their skills check and that I would only give feedback on the three components identified. When my classmate had completed the skills check, I proceeded to give my classmate constructive positive feedback on the three components identified. I addressed each component specifically and stated how my classmate had supported the component and where I felt the component had not been supported. I identified strengths and areas for improvement. Even if my classmate had successfully completed the identified component, I verbally identified the component and what behaviour my classmate performed to support the component. I explained descriptively on how my classmate’s actives matched their intention. At this point the instructor that was performing my classmates’ skills check asked if there were any other items that I would like to comment on. Before I proceeded, I took into consideration the reason for this exercise and considered what my classmate required and what had been requested of me. I questioned my classmate if they would like any additional feedback and  stated that I had not written any other comments on the feedback skills check form. My classmate indicated that they did want additional feedback. I provided by classmate with additional comments on 2 additional behaviours that had room for improvement. I asked my classmate if I should write the additional comments on the feedback formfor skills check, which was agreed on. Equality – Once my classmate had completed the skills check and before I proceeded to give any constructive feedback on the three components of the skills check that my classmate had identified for feedback, I thanked my classmate for asking me to give feedback and stated that this was the first time that I had given constructive feedback. I smiled and laughed a little stated that I was also nervous just as they were. I reiterated that we are peers and classmates and that giving constructive feedback can be difficult and that I hoped any feedback I gave was helpful to my classmate. 3. While I received feedback on my skills check, I took into consideration that constructive feedback is to give my classmate and myself the opportunity to learn. Constructive feedback is not about me or us, but about the behaviours that we are performing. I felt elated when I received positive feedback, so in turn receiving constructive feedback on behaviour where I needed improvement was much more positive. I felt receiving feedback that was descriptive and that identified strength and areas for improvement very informative and a creative learning tool. I found I was listening closely was able to rephrase the feedback that I had received. I felt very positive about the whole skills check feedback and was able to understand that it was â€Å"constructive feedback† and not criticism which in turn allowed me to thank all that were involved with a smile. 4.Upon reflection of giving and receiving feedback, I feel that it was a very positive experience. When I received the feedback from my classmate on my skills check, my classmate proceeded to give me additional comments. I was not prepared for this, nor did I expect this. I feel I may have projected this to my classmate by way of body language. I knew and I feel that I regrouped quickly and I did listen to what my classmate had to say. I understood that this was a learning tool for me, and that my classmate was  trying to help me with my behaviours that needed improvement and was not being critical of me. When I gave feedback I am not sure that I finished with a positive statement to my classmate. I now realize how important this is and I feel somewhat ashamed that I may have missed this step. Receiving any type of feedback can be daunting whether it is positive or meant to assist with areas that require improvement.

Psychological Testing Essay

Psychological testing refers to as a field which is characterized by the use of samples of behavior in to the way of generalizations of every given individual. In psychological testing, however, it is usually not possible to control all the extraneous variables, but the metaphor here is a useful one that forces us on the standardized procedures, on the eliminations of conflicting causes on experimental control and on the generation of hypotheses that can be further investigated. Thus, psychological testing a narrower concept referring to the psychometric aspects of a test. The actual administration and scoring of the test and the interpretation made of the scores. Tests Test is define as an objective and standardized measure of a sample of behavior. objectivity is at least a theoretically, most aspects of a test such as how the test is scored and how the score is interpreted, are not a function of the subjective decision of a particular examiner but are based on objective criteria. Standardization: that is, no matter who administers scores and interprets the test, there is uniformity of procedure and a sample behavior. A test is not a psychological X-ray, nor does it necessarily reveal hidden conflicts and for-bidden wishes; it is a sample of a person’s behavior, hopefully a representative sample from which we can draw some inferences and hypotheses. Tests are used for a wide variety of purposes that can be subsumed under more general categories. These categories include classification, self-understanding, program evaluation and scientific inquiry. (Kline, 2000). Major Categories of Tests Classification  Classification involves a decision that a particular person belongs in a certain category, For example, based on test results we may assign a diagnosis to a patient, place a student in the introductory Spanish course rather than the intermediate or advanced course, or certify that a person has met the minimal qualifications to practice medicine. Self-understanding Self-understanding involves using test information as a source of information about oneself. Such information may already be available to the individuals, but not in a formal way. For example, a student studying electrical engineering her high GRE scores confirm what she already knows, that she has the potential abilities required for graduate work. Program evaluation Program evaluation involves the use of tests to assess the effectiveness of a particular program or course of action. You have probably seen in the newspaper, tables indicating the average achievement test scores for various schools in your geographical area, with the scores often taken, perhaps incorrectly as evidence of the competency level of a particular school. Program offered by a mental health clinic, or the effectiveness of a new medication. Scientific inquiry If you glance through most professional journals in the social and behavioral sciences, you will find that a large majority of studies use psychological tests to operationally define relevant variables and to translate hypotheses into numerical statements that can be assessed statistically. (Kline, 2000). Major Users and Uses of these Tests  Tests are tools usually used by professionals to make what may possibly be some serious decisions about a client: thus both test and the decision process involves a variety of ethical considerations to make sure that the decisions made are in the best interest of all concerned and that the process is carried out in a professional manner. There are serious concerns on the part of both psychologists and lay people, a about the nature of psychological testing and its potential misuse, as well as demands for increased use of tests. Kline, 2000). Concepts of Reliability and Validity The word reliability refers to the extent that a measure is relatively free or random error and is consistent in the numbers assigned to objects or events while validity refers to whether the number obtained truly reflects what the user intended to measure. Therefore, validity requires reliability because validity is not a property of the measure, but instead it is to the truthfulness of the inferences that are drawn from the measure. However, a concept of reliability usually gives the accuracy of a measurement, while the concepts of validity it relates to the truthfulness of a measurement. The concepts of reliability and validity can be explain as when estimating parameters from some data with statistical methods, it is important to understand the uncertainty of parameters. The uncertainty comes from two sources: sampling and measuring the study units. Often the data is a (random) sample from a population. (Hoshmand, 1994). The first error then comes from collecting the data and generalizing the results to a population level. Another source of error is present when measuring the study units when assessing the quality of the collected and measured data set, we end up with questions: Are we measuring the right thing? How accurate our measurements are? The former question leads us to the concept of validity which is the most important property of measurement. The latter question is related to the concept of reliability. The concept of reliability and validity has a major impact in the field of psychological testing. this is because that since generalizability theory is for investigating and designing the reliable observations, thus, each has test score, a single true score, single reliability and validity coefficient and belong to one family of parallel observations, but the generalizability theory which serves both may produce error which is due to multiple scores. (Rush, First, & Blacker, 2008).

The struggles of The Current Economy †Economics Essay (200 Level Course)

The struggles of The Current Economy – Economics Essay (200 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers The struggles of The Current Economy Economics (200 Level Course) The article on the 09/08 WSJ summarizes the struggles the current economy is going through. There is too much supply of goods and services and not enough demand for them. Thus creating an oversupply. The massive layoff’s the economy has experienced has also contributed to the fall in demand as people trim their expenses in times of uncertainty. While most US companies are trimming manufacturing and closing plants foreign car makers are expanding their markets in the USA since they have lower manufacturing costs. And at the same time creating a price war with the local manufacturers. Consumers now have a wider choice than before. A slump in the business real estate market has caused a lot of business lots and office spaces to be vacant. A good indicator of oversupply is the telecom industry which had built itself up during the internet boom in the 90’s. The build up of extra transmission medium ended up causing an overcapacity. Overall the economic slowdown has benefited bargain hunters who are acting quickly to acquire companies that want to avoid liquidation or are in bankruptcy proceedings. Research Papers on The struggles of The Current Economy - Economics Essay (200 Level Course)Twilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

How to Get Good Professional References

How to Get Good Professional References Asking for a reference can be a subtle art form, but it’s a necessary thing to learn how to do, and do well. You’ll want to put a good deal of thought into who you choose, as you will need to get their consent before giving out their name. Here are a few tips for how to plan for the perfect reference.1. Go ProIt may be tempting to pick a pal over a professional contact, but it’s not going to serve you half as well. Go for someone familiar with your work and experience. And when you’re asked for a personal reference, make sure to choose someone who isn’t too personal. Think of it as a character reference, and err on the side of professionals over pals.2. Tailor to the PositionDon’t just ask the same people or person for every reference. Think hard about the position you’re applying to and what skills your potential reference would ideally be able to speak to on your behalf. Go specific over generic. And, when possible, give the contact information of the hiring manager directly to your referrer. That avoids the bland â€Å"to whom it may concern† opening to their letter.3. Develop a RangeCome up with 3-5  referrers who can be asked for different positions and can speak to different strengths of yours. Get their permission and have them lined up and ready to go when you need to deploy them.4. Get Their DetailsYou’ll want a name, business address, phone number, email, current title, company name, and preferred method of contact notated somewhere for each of your references. Leave them off your resume, but you might be asked for these in an interview or application situation, so have them ready. Try to keep their communication preferences straight as well.5. Inform Them Throughout the ProcessKeep your referrers in the loop. Let them know what jobs you’re applying to, send them the description, give them names of anyone who might be contacting them on your behalf. Coach them a bit, if you can, o n what the hiring manager is looking for. And don’t forget to thank them each and every time they recommend you somewhere.6. Ask in PersonIt may be tempting to ask over email, but resist the temptation! A more personal ask is called for when you’re asking someone to do you a massive professional favor. Pick up the phone and call- or better yet, take them out for coffee. Keep the relationship strong and don’t assume you’re owed anything. Keep your referrers sweet!7. Send your ResumeIt will often be extremely helpful for you referrers to see a copy of your resume. Who knows? They might end up being even more impressed with you than they were before when they agreed to recommend you.8. Know What They’ll SayWhen in doubt, don’t ask anyone who you’re not sure will go to bat for you. You want to be more or less certain what your referrers are going to say about you, your skills, and your experience. If there’s any doubt, either have a conversation about it, or ask someone you feel more secure about.

Modern Fashion in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern Fashion in China - Research Paper Example The paper "Modern Fashion in China" discovers the fashion in China. â€Å"The many facets of colour and design that emerged during a dynasty’s reign were marvellous and made every aspect of Chinese culture, including their wearing apparel, - highly acclaimed works of art† (Lu). Colors traditionally selected for Chinese clothing were vibrant. Chinese people give character to their dresses by making wonderful combinations of match and contrast. Traditionally, the dress is provided with the base of a dark color while lighter colors are used for the accessories to make them look more prominent in the dark background. The contemporary Chinese clothing redefines the old trends and traditions to a large extent. The fashion designers of Chinese origin make frequent use of the classic Chinese symbols together with the latest trends in the design of clothes, symbolism being a very important feature of the Chinese culture. Classic Chinese symbols are used in the clothes of childre n and adults alike. Symbols used in the design of Chinese clothes include but are not limited to good luck, opera characters, dragons, pictures of deities and masks. Bronze was readily used in the making of ancient Chinese clothes and the modern fashion designers in China have attempted to revive this concept. The contemporary Chinese clothing is enchanted with the combination of modern fabrics and classical patterns of embroidery and weaving. The image of clouds and classic dragon are some of the most readily used designs in the Chinese clothes.

Interactive Processes and Cognitive Development Essay

Interactive Processes and Cognitive Development - Essay Example One such theory is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) by Lev Vygotsky. Vygotsky professes that there is an actual zone for development and this zone consists of a gap "between a learner's current or actual level of development determined by independent problem solving and the learners emerging or potential level of development." Schaffer (2006 p 46) The key to what Vygotsky professed is that this zone or gap is imperative to development. It contains the set of knowledge that the learner has the ability to learn at that time. However, the learner at that time does not comprehend that these things are just our of their reach. Schaffer (2006, p 181) It is the point in child development where the learner is challenged to learn. Jean Piaget has a theory regarding child development and the cognitive processes that are involved. Piaget was concerned with knowledge and how it is obtained just as Vygotsky was. Rather than being a zone that prompted or challenged further gaining of information Piaget's theory's key concept was that knowledge grows. In one respect this is essentially what Vytgosky's (ZPD) theory professed.

Interconnection of Parental Psychological Support, Self-Efficacy and Dissertation

Interconnection of Parental Psychological Support, Self-Efficacy and Self-Regulated Learning for Elementary School Students - Dissertation Example They are able to take decisions that would help them achieve the said goals and turn to adults when they need inputs. Children are not born with such internalized educational goals, and it is necessary to provide them with the appropriate environment that will help them to internalize the desire to succeed and the ability to set personal goals (Ryan & Deci, 2000). Such an environment may be provided by parents and the school, though parents play a more important role as compared to the teachers or the school (Soenens & Vansteenkiste, 2005). Children learn to respond to rules and targets set down by parents early in their lives. Parents are a primary source of information, discipline and appreciation for young children, and they quickly learn to internalize the goals and attitudes that gain them appreciation and affection form the parents. This makes it important that parents present the child with experiences that help to develop the qualities that they require in order to succeed. O ne such set of behaviors and attitudes have been discussed by the Self Determination Theory, a macro theory that attempts to explain human decisions, choices and behaviors in terms of the source of motivation. 2.1 Self Determination Theory The term self – determination was initially coined to describe political and philosophical perspectives on the nature of the State and it’s governance (Price, Wolensky, & Mulligan, 2002)and the attributes of the Person and was used to some extent in Psychology to describe the way humans viewed themselves (Wehmeyer, 1999). The Psychological perspective was developed through the late 20th century by Deci and Ryan (1985), who have defined Self Determination as â€Å"A quality of human functioning that involves the experience of choice, in other words, the experience of an internal perceived locus of causality; it is the capacity as well to choose and to have those choices, rather than reinforcement contingencies, drives, or any other f orces or pressures, be the determinants of one’s actions.†(p. 38). Self Determination Theory has been studied by a number of researchers, and has been developed as an explanation of human motivation, behavior and personality (Niemiec & Ryan, 2009; Ryan & Deci, 2000). It assumes that a human being is by nature active, curious, interested in events, self motivated and desirous of success since the experience of success is a satisfying and rewarding experience that reinforces itself (Deci & Ryan, 2008a). Initial work on Self Determination Theory started in the 1970’s and was refined by Deci and Ryan (1985; 2008b) in the 1980’s. The last few decades have seen tremendous work in Self Determination Theory, and various researchers have applied it’s principles to various areas of human functioning like health (Deci & Ryan, 2008b), parenting (Joussemet, et al., 2008), work (Frederic Guay, Senecal, Gauthier, & Fernet, 2003), sport (Standage, Duda, & Ntoumanis , 2005), education (Deci, Vallerand, Pelletier, & Ryan, 1991), psychotherapy (Ryan & Deci, 2008). Although Self determination is neither absolute control, nor to be confused with success (Wehmeyer, 1998); it does involve the person’s ability to make choices that is autonomous of the influence of others. It is important not to confuse self determination with either self sufficiency or self reliance as Self Determination

Music Essays Mozarts Piano Sonata Number 13

Music Essays Mozarts Piano Sonata Number 13 Mozart’s piano sonata number 13, K333, composed somewhere between 1779 and 1783. The first movement of Mozart’s piano sonata number 13, K333, composed somewhere between 1779 and 1783, (depending on the historical scholar), is a splendid, nimble piece of composition.   It is full of agility and complexity but manages to still be both very accessible and structured.   It also reflects Mozart’s admiration of and influence by Johann Christian Bach, a contemporary of Mozart’s who died in 1782.   Most musical scholars familiar with both composers agree that the opening motif of K333 bears a very flattering similarity to JC Bach’s Op. 5 no. 3 and Op. 17 no.4 piano sonatas.   Another overall source of influence is the style of the concertos of the time, grandiose and ebullient in style.   The first movement contains numerous concerto-esque flourishes that stray from the standard sonata paradigm, thereby adding an element of boldness to the piece. As far as the genre of piano sonatas go, K333 is otherwise fairly textbook in its construction. What is the significance of this?   The foundation of the sonata structure is the contrast, juxtaposition, and unification, of two musical keys.   Generally, these two keys are known as the ‘tonic’ and ‘dominant.’   The sonata establishes these two themes in an expository beginning section, followed by a development section in which, following the establishment of the second key, the tonality is deconstructed and its component musical segments are modified, explored, expanded upon, etc.   At the end of this development section, the piece returns to the tonic key in order to recapitulate the material from the exposition, â€Å"without the shift of key that characterized the exposition, thus harmonically unifying what was previously contrasted material.† (Edexcel, 2001)   The sonata as a general paradigm, then, is inherently a fascinating exercise in ‘voice leading,’ or the way in which individual musical parts, or ‘voices’, interact to form chord progressions.   Individual composers were noted for their particular voice-leading styles, as each possessed particular eccentricities and tendencies when it came to tackling the challenge of creatively transitioning from chord to chord within progressions, movements, or entire pieces.   The particular rules, if you will, of the sonata were always challenges that afforded composers, e.g. Mozart, the opportunity to showcase their voice-leading creativity; specifically, how to navigate the tension and journey between the sonata’s tonic and dominant keys.   K333 is no exception and the Edexcel piece is helpful in providing a launching point for understanding Mozart’s approach to K333: K333 is written in 4/4 time and is in the key of B-flat major; it specifically proceeds as follows, per the standard sonata conventions of the time: Exposition: bars 1-63. Development: bars 64-93. Recapitulation: bars 94-165. Bars 1-10 present the tonic key, which is B-flat major.   The musical theme(s) used to present the tonic key is/are known as the ‘first subject.’In bar 10, Mozart restates the opening of the piece, except transposed an octave lower.In bar 12, Mozart ‘drops’ an E-natural in the RH (right hand).   The significance of this note is that it introduces a C-major dominant 7th harmony that marks the transition of the piece to the dominant key, F-major, and is a good example of Mozart’s interesting voice-leading choices.In bars 13.4, 14.4, and 15.4, the RH sprinkles a descending group of semiquavers (also known as sixteenth notes) which illustrate that Mozart is, even early on, playfully exploring variations of the first subject – even before the introduction of the second.In bar 17.3, Mozart ‘drops’ a B-natural in the LH (left hand).   This note creates a G major dominant 7th harmony, which further punctuates the evolution away from the tonic key of B-flat major.In bar 22, Mozart accentuates the piece with an arpeggiation of a C major chord.   As the piece transitions to the key of F major, the C major chord is to become the new dominant chord; therefore, the arpeggiation is a preview or announcement of sorts of the impending transition.   This is one of many different stylistic manifestations of creative voice-leading.Bars 22-30 introduce the second subject, in the key of F major as mentioned above.   There are rhythmic similarities, however, to the first subject despite the key change.In bars 31-35, Mozart teases the listener by flirting with a transition to the key of G-minor, transitioning briefly for one bar before returning to F major and proceeding traditionally.Bar 64 commences the development section.   The quaver (eighth-note) rhythmic triads featured in Bar 1 are reintroduced and embellished upon by Mozart between bars 64 and 70.Bars 71-86 showcases Mozart’s further propensity to toy w ith the sonata structure by bending its rules without breaking them, per se.   He changes keys here here into F minor briefly, which is unexpectedly dramatic and concerto-like, and the right hand darts to the highest possible F note on a piano.   The darkness suggested by the F minor flirtation is explored further with brief tangents into C minor, E flat minor, and G minor between bars 75 and 86.Bars 87-90 feature an F major dominant 7th chord, which uses the chord of F to signal the imminent transition into the recapitulation section, which will take the piece back to B-flat major.Bars 94-105 feature the commencement of the recapitulation, a complete replica of the initial exposition until Mozart tosses in an A-flat chord in the RH at bar 105, continuing even in the recapitulation to introduce unusual elements.Bars 119-143 features the reappearance of the second subject in nearly identical form as its original presentation, except transposed to the tonic key.Bars 152-165 compri se the coda, which is mostly a duplication of bars 50-63 of the exposition with some flourishes thrown in, showing Mozart refuses to completely adhere to structure for structure’s sake. What is pleasurable about the piece overall, then, is clear.   Mozart is faithful to the stylistic requirements of the genre, not deviating from the overall structure, while being creative with the execution of the interplay between the two keys he employs.   Furthermore, Mozart’s voice-leading technique is bold and enhances the piece’s complexity, particularly the mood-darkening introduced by his transitions into minor keys, including F minor, and also in his methods of announcing transitions between keys by flourishes or arpeggios. Finally, it is worth mentioning that other technical elements, though perhaps unmoving to an expert, are nonetheless astonishing to a layperson or non-musician.   The tempo Mozart utilizes is astonishingly brisk given the acrobatics required by the composition.   To appreciate the piece is also to appreciate the skill necessary for a person to perform it competently, much less expressively. BIBLIOGRAPHY Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus.   Piano Sonata No. 13 in B flat, K.333, circa 1781 Mozart: Piano Sonata in B-flat K333, first movement in Edexcel A Level Syllabus Analysis [book on-line] (Edexcel, 2001, accessed 11 June 2005); available from http://www.musicteachers.co.uk/resources/k333.pdf

My Philosophical Approach To Counseling Essay -- essays research paper

My Philosophical Approach to Counseling Definition of Existential Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One survey taken by Corey suggests a definition of Existential Therapy include two key elements: Existential Therapy is essentially an approach to counseling and therapy rather than a firm theoretical model, it stresses core human conditions. Normally, personality development is based on the uniqueness of each individual. Sense of self develops from infancy. Self determination and a tendency toward growth are control ideas. Focus is on the present and on what one is becoming; that is the approach has a future orientation. It stresses self-awareness before action. (1996, p.465)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In layman terms, Existential therapy can be described as a philosophical approach that is not designed to cure people but instead help the client reflect and search for value and meaning in life. Existential Therapy does not supply a cookbook of methods like other approaches but instead it provides a framework that is adaptable to the therapist, in which to view the individual and the world in which they participate. Definition of Person-Centered (Client-Centered) Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, client-centered therapy is a non directive method of group or individual psychotherapy, originated by Carl Rogers, in which the role of the therapist is to listen to and reflect or restate without judgment or interpretation the words of the client. Objectives of Existential Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The objectives of Existential Therapy are quite unique. Existential counselors are focused on helping the client achieve and expand their self- awareness. Many Therapist assume once self awareness is achieved, the client can examine new ways of dealing with problems and except the responsibility of choosing. Objectives of Client-centered Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The objective of client-centered therapy is to assist the client to experience self exploration, so that they can identify problems that are hindering their growth process. Essentially, the main goal of client-centered therapy is to have the client achieve a sense of increased awareness and understanding of his attitudes, feelings, and behaviors. Professional Opinions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ... ...ce of Counseling and Psychotherapy. (Rev. ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Coleman. Hacker, D. J. (1994). An Existential View of Adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence. 14. (3), 300-327. Kendall, P., & Southam-Gerow, M.(1996). Long-term follow-up of a Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Disordered Youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 64.(4), 724-730. Porter, R. L., Wagner W., Johnson, J., & Cox, L. M. (1996). Sexually abused girls' verbalizations in counseling: an application of the client behavior system. [CD-ROM]. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 43. (4), 383-389. Abstract from: Health Reference Center. File Number: 18987461. Westman, A. S., (1992). Existential Anxiety as Related to Conceptualization of Self and of Death, Denial of Death, and Religiosity. Psychological Reports. 71. 1064-1066. Abstract This paper examined two philosophical and humanistic approaches I have chosen as my rationale to counseling and psychotherapy. The paper will define and explain the objectives and techniques of these two dynamic therapies. Furthermore, it will illustrate existential and client-centered therapy's importance in regards to treating adolescence.